Factores asociados a la presencia del síndrome de trefinado en pacientes post-craniectomía descompresiva en el servicio de neurocirugía de un Hospital Nacional
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Issue Date
2026-04-09Keywords
CraneoplastiaCraniectomía descompresiva
Síndrome del Trefinado
Complicaciones postoperatorias
Ictus isquémico
Traumatismo encéfalo craneal
Cranioplasty
Decompressive craniectomy
Trephined Syndrome
Postoperative complications
Ischemic stroke
Traumatic brain injury
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Factors associated with the development of the syndrome of the trephined in patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy at a national hospital neurosurgery departmentAbstract
Antecedentes: El Síndrome del Trefinado es una condición clínica que puede presentarse tras una craniectomía descompresiva y se caracteriza por alteraciones neurológicas que van desde deterioro motor hasta coma. Su incidencia varía entre 1,2% y 65%, probablemente debido al infradiagnóstico. Entre los mecanismos desencadenantes propuestos se incluyen la cicatrización entre piel y duramadre en el sitio quirúrgico, el efecto de la presión atmosférica y alteraciones del sistema glinfático. Objetivos: Analizar la epidemiología y los factores asociados al Síndrome del Trefinado en pacientes postcraniectomizados atendidos en el Servicio de Neurocirugía del Hospital Nacional Alberto Sabogal Sologuren entre 2019 y 2023, evaluando su relación con accidente cerebrovascular isquémico, traumatismo craneoencefálico y desplazamiento de la línea media. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles, retrospectivo y no experimental en pacientes mayores de 18 años, sometidos a craniectomía descompresiva en el servicio de neurocirugía del Hospital Nacional Alberto Sabogal Sologuren entre los años 2019 y 2023. Resultados: Se incluyeron 106 pacientes. En el modelo multivariado exploratorio, el deterioro motor (OR = 0,68; IC95%: 0,50–0,93; p = 0,016) y la Escala de Coma de Glasgow posterior a la craneoplastia (OR = 1,15; IC95%: 1,02–1,30; p = 0,022) mostraron significancia estadística; sin embargo, estos hallazgos se interpretan como manifestaciones clínicas características del ST y no como factores asociados independientes. No se halló asociación con desplazamiento de línea media, traumatismo craneoencefálico ni accidente cerebrovascular isquémico. Conclusión: El deterioro motor postcraniectomía y la mejoría en la Escala de Glasgow tras la craneoplastia se reconocen como hallazgos clínicos característicos del Síndrome del Trefinado, útiles para orientar su diagnóstico, resaltando la importancia de la evaluación clínica sobre la imagenológica. No se identificaron factores asociados independientes.Background: Syndrome of the Trephined is a clinical condition that occurs after a decompressive craniectomy and is characterized by neurological alterations ranging from motor deterioration to coma. Its incidence varies between 1.2% and 65%, likely due to underdiagnosis. Proposed underlying mechanisms include scarring between the skin and dura mater at the surgical site, the effect of atmospheric pressure, and alterations in the glymphatic system. Objectives: To analyze the epidemiology and factors associated with Syndrome of the Trephined in post-craniectomy patients treated at the Neurosurgery Department of Hospital Nacional Alberto Sabogal Sologuren between 2019 and 2023, assessing its relationship with ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and midline shift. Methods: A retrospective, non-experimental case-control study was conducted in patients older than 18 years who underwent decompressive craniectomy at the Neurosurgery Department of Hospital Nacional Alberto Sabogal Sologuren between 2019 and 2023. Results: A total of 106 patients were included. In the exploratory multivariate model, motor deterioration (OR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.50–0.93; p = 0.016) and the Glasgow Coma Scale score after cranioplasty (OR = 1.15; 95% CI: 1.02–1.30; p = 0.022) reached statistical significance; however, these findings are interpreted as characteristic clinical manifestations of the ST and not as independent associated factors. No association was found with midline shift, traumatic brain injury, or ischemic stroke. Conclusion: Post-craniectomy motor deterioration and improvement in the Glasgow Coma Scale score after cranioplasty are recognized as characteristic clinical manifestations of the Syndrome of the Trephined, useful for guiding its diagnosis, highlighting the importance of clinical evaluation over imaging. No independent associated factors were identified.
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