Health impact of public health emergencies of international concern in the context of the international health regulations (2005) in Peru

Abstract

Introduction: To assess the impact of PHEICs in Peru and the strategies implemented for their containment. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted based on secondary sources. All PHEICs declared by WHO since the adoption of the 2005 International Health Regulations (IHR-2005) up to September 2024 were reviewed. Impact was assessed using morbidity, mortality, and case fatality indicators. Epidemiological characteristics and Peru's health response were analyzed. Cumulative incidence rates (CIR), cumulative mortality rates (CMR), and cumulative case fatality rates (CFR) were calculated. Results: Since the adoption of IHR-2005, WHO has declared eight PHEICs. Two evolved into pandemics (Influenza A(H1N1)-2009 and COVID-19), two remain ongoing (Poliomyelitis-2014 and Monkeypox-2024), and four have ended (Ebola-2014, Zika-related microcephaly-2015, Ebola-2019, and Monkeypox-2022). In Peru, pandemics arrived 15 to 35 days after declaration, affecting the entire country. COVID-19 had the greatest impact, with a CMR of 6.7 per 1, 000 inhabitants, the highest worldwide. Currently, influenza A(H1N1)-2009 and COVID-19 circulate seasonally. Monkeypox has been reported in all regions. All PHEICs required epidemiological surveillance, infection control, mobility restrictions, and vaccination among high-risk groups. Conclusion: PHEICs have had economic, social, political, and public health impacts in Peru, increasing morbidity and mortality. Events such as influenza A(H1N1)-2009, COVID-19, and monkeypox have accelerated the implementation of IHR-2005.