El impacto de las características individuales de los agricultores en la obtención de crédito: un estudio peruano del 2022

Abstract

Reticulated domes have a field of application that has not been deeply explored, despite the inherent geometrical and structural functionality. The use of these structures is yet limited by the number of studies and applications in real life, especially when working with structures made of different materials. Through the reviewed investigations in the State of the Art, reticulated domes show a susceptible behavior towards seismic effects when functioning together. Therefore, this study is focused on the analysis and influence of elastomeric isolation in domes as roofs supported by concrete elements to reduce the seismic effects on the structure as a whole. To this end, several study models were studied, each composed of two different materials: concrete and steel. Regarding the geometric variables, different heights in the concrete roof and portico were analyzed for external loads under structural modal analysis, time-history analysis, and combined stress analysis. These three case studies were replicated under base-fixed and base-isolated conditions to analyze the influence of base isolation on the structure and the benefits they produce in structures of great magnitude, such as the one proposed. To that end, a specific methodology was developed to analyze the structure according to the specific objectives proposed. The results revealed a significant beneficial impact on the structural behavior under the effects of isolation, thus decreasing the negative effects of the difference in stiffness between both elements, reducing structural displacements by up to 97% in the geodesic geometry and 73% in the Schwedler geometry, and decreasing the stress generated in the elements at the time-history analysis. Similarly, there was an evident reduction in the natural frequencies of the structure of up to 98% in both geometries, a visible decrease in the vertical stress of the columns of up to 75% in the Schwedler geometry, and a noticeable reduction of the basal shear under the analyzed earthquakes, reaching maximum values of 98%. Based on all the results obtained, a substantial improvement in the seismic response of the structure is shown after the implementation of the LRB-type base isolation.

This research study aims to contribute to the empirical evidence on financial inclusion, focusing on access to credit for Peruvian farmers in rural areas. The Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE), an innovative methodology, was employed in the context of credit research in the agricultural sector. For this analysis, data from the 2022 National Agricultural Survey was used, and logit/probit models were applied to evaluate the impact of various variables, such as gender, educational level, language, and the number of plots owned by the farmer, among others, on the probability of obtaining credit from financial institutions. To address class imbalance, that is, the significant difference in the number of observations between categories, the SMOTE method was used, which increases the number of observations in the minority group. Finally, using information criteria, the impacts of the independent variables were estimated in the probit model, and the results are consistent with the existing literature.