Despite the decrease in deforestation rates in the world, it is still an expanding problem in tropical areas such as the Amazon, losing millions of hectares of forests per year, due to weak governance of their territories and driven mainly by agriculture, livestock and a strong expansion of agro-industrial plantations such as oil palm in recent decades. Therefore, it is necessary to know the extent of the impacts generated in the alteration of local climates and how they affect the surrounding populations and ecosystems. Therefore, the objective of the research is to analyze the impact of deforestation and changes in vegetation cover on the variation of temperatures and precipitation in the town of Yurimaguas - Peru, between 1984 and 2023. For this purpose, meteorological data were used to determine changes in the local climate and global warming, processed in Microsoft Excel software, as well as Landsat satellite images, processed in QGIS software, to see the evolution of the landscape by calculating the NDVI. The results show that the maximum and average NDVI of the study area have a negative trend, associated with the increase in temperatures of up to 2 °C in 40 years and the loss of 25% of its primary forests in the last 20 years, which means more than 2,200 hectares deforested in a single year. It is concluded that agroindustrial monocultures such as oil palm, together with other activities that change land use, have a strong impact by removing large tracts of native forests for decades, which is projected in the negative trend shown by the NDVI values, a phenomenon that is due to the greater effect of global warming on the local climate, the reduced water supply to ecosystems and increased levels of evapotranspiration, which affect the water balance of the soil and the vigor of its vegetation..

Tropical forests suffer the loss of millions of hectares every year due to land use and land cover change for agricultural production, resource exploitation and settlement development, contributing to global warming and altering the environmental conditions of the territory, as in the city of Iquitos in the Peruvian Amazon, where it is necessary to know how these impacts affect its population, activities and ecosystems. The objective of the study was to analyse the effects of urban expansion and global warming on the climate of the city of Iquitos, as well as its variation in relation to the climate of the towns of Pebas and Trompeteros, in the Peruvian Amazonian peneplain in the period 1984-2022, for which meteorological data from the study area was processed, maps of ecosystems and satellite images were processed to determine levels of vegetation vigour by calculating the normalised difference vegetation index in three quadrants over the towns of Iquitos, Pebas and Trompeteros, of similar latitude and altitude, but with different forest conservation status. The results showed that the city of Iquitos has tripled in size since 1984, with an average growth of 58.4 hectares per year, causing a heat island effect, with at least 1.1°C more than nearby rural areas, and a decrease of up to 1,000 millimetres of annual rainfall, with the effect being greater in its area because 33% of its territory has been altered, compared to Pebas and Trompeteros, which have more than 88% of their territories covered by primary forests. It is concluded that population growth drives deforestation for urbanisation, agricultural production and other purposes, which in countries with weak institutions is uncontrolled and unregulated. Likewise, deforestation increases the effect of global warming on the local climate due to the loss of environmental services provided by forests, such as temperature regulation and moisture supply, affecting the vigour of local vegetation.

This study focused on analyzing the carbon storage capacity of the Chaviña wetlands, the objective was to estimate the carbon stock present in the aerial biomass. For this purpose, 17 samples were obtained randomly using a 0.25 m2 quadrat. Subsequently, each sample underwent a drying process in an oven at a temperature of 60°C for periods of 24 to 72 hours, until they reached a constant weight. Next, the Walkley and Black method was applied to determine the carbon content in each of the samples. Finally, calculations were made to obtain the carbon stock stored in the aerial biomass. Additionally, statistical tests were carried out to identify the differences between the percentage of carbon in the aboveground biomass and the carbon stored in the aboveground biomass by marsh level (high, medium and low). The results obtained indicate that there are no significant differences in the carbon stock between the three marsh levels. In addition, it was quantified that the wetland biomass stores a total of 18 628 tC and sequesters 70 904 tCO2. This finding shows the relevance of the Chaviña Wetlands as a significant carbon reservoir.

Dry forests have a great environmental, social and economic value due to the ecosystem services they provide and the biodiversity they contain, and are being affected by the strong atmospheric fluctuations generated by the increasing climate variability of the last decades, endangering species of flora and fauna as representative as the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus peruvianus) in the tropical premontane zones of the western slope of the Andes, Therefore, we sought to analyze the relationship between the vigor of the vegetation cover and the historical fluctuations of the population density of white-tailed deer, with climatic variations and the incidence of El Niño Costero in the Coto de Caza El Angolo and its buffer zone in the period 1984-2023. For this purpose, statistical data of white-tailed deer in the study area and vegetation vigorousness levels determined with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) calculated by processing Landsat scenes with meteorological data and the occurrence of El Niño Southern Oscillation events were analyzed and correlated. As a result, it was found that the vigorousness of the vegetation fluctuated strongly until 2002, when it showed a more regulated behavior, but in frank ascent, a phenomenon that coincides with the increase in the recurrence of El Niño events, which would have generated a continuous and sustained increase in the area with dense and sparse leaf cover since 2005, These changes are affecting white-tailed deer populations, which, despite showing increasing values (in density and harvested individuals) between 2004 and 2010, have shown a marked decline since 2011, with a negative trend in both indicators. It is concluded that the greater frequency of ENSO in the last 15 years has been generating changes in the vegetation, increasing its leaf area, due to the reduction of dry periods, a factor that paradoxically would be negatively affecting white-tailed deer populations.

The urban agglomeration of Lima and Callao is the second largest city in the world located in a desert, and its supply depends on three small rivers, the Rímac River being the one with the greatest water supply, affected by contamination by mining tailings, sewage and Solid waste. In order to know the climatological and hydrographic conditions that favor the concentration of heavy metals in the water, the relationship between rainfall, water discharges and concentration of aluminum, cadmium, iron and lead in the Rímac River hydrographic system in the period 2018-2021. For which data processing was carried out from six meteorological stations, a water quality monitoring point and four limnimetric stations, through dynamic tables. As a result, it was found that the concentration of heavy metals is higher in the lower basin when rainfall and river level increase in localities of the Alto Rímac sub-basin, which presents intense mining activity, unlike the Santa Eulalia sub-basin. river where there are no large-scale mining operations, whose records present weaker relationships with the concentration of heavy metals. In conclusion, the highest concentration of heavy metals in the lower basin occurs during the months with the most intense rains in the headwaters of the basin, as the dragging capacity increases during the flooding of rivers and streams, allowing concentrations to exceed up to 120 times the quality standards for the production of drinking water.

The increasing formation of glacial lakes and their expansion in recent years increases the risk of alluviums due to glacial lakes outburst floods in high tropical mountains, such as the one that destroyed part of the city of Huaraz in 1941 in the Cordillera Blanca, of the central Andes of Peru. Given the danger faced by the more than 130,000 people who inhabit the alluvial fan of Quilcay River, were analyzed the interannual variation of the surface of the Palcacocha Lake, the glacial surface of its micro-basin and the variation of the surrounding climate between the years 1984 and 2022, to determine the relationships that would exist between these variables, as an indicator of the risk of flooding due to overflow of the lake. For this, the surface of the lakes and the area of the glacier were calculated with multispectral Landsat images and compared with the result of the processing of meteorological data from the Recuay, Milpo, and Anta stations, using the data obtained from the Google Earth Engine application and data reported in bibliographic sources, for validation. A period of strong expansion of the lake was found until 2012 and a trend of loss of glacier surface; in addition, to a strong relationship between the expansion of the Palcacocha lake and the annual increase in global mean temperature. Likewise, a strong El Niño-Southern Oscillation event led to the growth of Lake Palcacocha due to increased rainfall and greater glacier retreat.