RSS 1.0Facultad de Ingeniería
Colecciones en esta comunidad
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Ingeniería Ambiental [13]
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Ingeniería Civil [222]
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Ingeniería Industrial [198]
Envíos recientes
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Use of BIM 4D Models to Improve the Dynamism of Construction Layout Planning in the Structural Stage of Multifamily Housing in Metropolitan Lima(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025-01-01)Multifamily housing projects are developed in different stages of construction, each of which requires a specific site layout. This construction layout is a fundamental tool for planning the physical distribution of temporary installations at the worksite, ensuring order that does not disrupt workflows and maintains productivity. However, one of the main causes of inadequate layout planning is the poor dynamic analysis resulting from using a static layout, traditionally represented in AutoCAD drawings. For this reason, this research focuses on improving the dynamism of site layout planning in multifamily housing projects in Metropolitan Lima; specifically, in the structural stage, using 4D BIM models. The methodology used in this study is developed through the following steps: Analysis of the information gathered from the interviews and surveys conducted with experts; Determination of the traditional site layout process of the three evaluated projects; Development of the 4D BIM model; and Implementation of the model in the selected project. Finally, the implementation of the proposed 4D BIM model in the project results in a significant improvement of the dynamism in the temporary works planning, since it allows visualizing the relocations of temporary facilities during the project simulation and allows detecting temporary interferences. In addition, a more exhaustive analysis of the relocations of the temporary facilities on the job site is achieved, which facilitates better planning of the site layout.Acceso abierto
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Procedure to Improve the Confidence in the Selection of Design Equipment Subcontractors by Implementing Set Based Design (SBD) and Choosing by Advantages (CBA) Methodologies in Multifamily Building Projects(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025-01-01)The selection process of design team subcontractors by real estate companies is crucial in construction projects, directly affecting the quality and efficiency of the final results. However, the lack of time to evaluate potential subcontractors can lead to inadequate selection and negatively impact the project development. This study proposes an innovative approach to improve confidence in the selection processes of design team subcontractors in multifamily building projects by implementing Set Based Design (SBD) and Choosing by Advantages (CBA) methodologies. These methodologies, supported by Excel Macros programming and data visualization in Power BI, aim to automate and optimize the selection process, reducing human intervention. The study follows these steps: (1) information registration and analysis by experts, (2) determination of the conventional subcontract selection process in the evaluated projects, (3) development of a new selection process based on SBD and CBA, and (4) implementation of this new process through Excel Macros programming applying SBD and CBA. The integration of SBD and CBA seeks to improve the transparency, reliability, and efficiency of the process, facilitating faster and more informed decisions. The results of the study show a 36% improvement in the confidence index, demonstrating the efficiency of the selection process. These findings support the automation of the selection process and highlight its contribution to a more accurate and efficient selection of subcontractors.Acceso abierto
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Validation of an Instrument to Measure the Level of Safety Culture in Peru(Academy of Medical and Health Sciences of Catalonia and the Balearic Islands, 2025-01-01)Objective: Workplace safety culture plays a critical role in preventing occupational risks and improving worker well-being. However, despite existing regulations, its implementation remains inconsistent in various industries. This study aims to validate an instrument for measuring the level of safety culture in Peru to identify critical improvement areas and support evidence-based strategies. Method: A three-part validation was conducted: selection of the instrument through a review of the scientific literature, qualitative validation through expert judgment, and quantitative validation via a pilot test with 42 workers. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega, while construct validity was examined using Exploratory Factor Analysis with Unweighted Least Squares and Promax rotation. Results: The validated instrument consists of 16 questions grouped into five dimensions: a) active participation in safety, b) awareness and compliance with safety regulations, c) risk knowledge and safety training, d) concern for safety and adherence to procedures, and e) prevention and communication about safety. The final model demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.822, Omega = 0.83) and a stable factorial structure, explaining 75.79% of the variance. Conclusions: This validated questionnaire is a reliable tool for assessing safety culture in companies in Peru, allowing organizations to identify weaknesses and implement targeted safety interventions.Acceso abierto
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Bioremediation Potential of a Non-Axenic Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. for Municipal Wastewater Treatment in the Peruvian Amazon: Growth Kinetics, Ammonium Removal, and Biochemical Characterization Within a Circular Bioeconomy Framework(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025-06-01)Effective wastewater management is critical for mitigating environmental and health impacts in ecologically sensitive regions like the Peruvian Amazon, where rapid urbanization has led to increased discharge of nutrient-rich effluents into freshwater systems. Conventional treatment methods often fail to address nutrient imbalances while generating secondary pollutants. This study aims to evaluate the bioremediation potential of a non-axenic cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp., isolated from the Amazon Basin, for municipal wastewater treatment within a circular bioeconomy framework. The strain was cultivated in different concentrations of municipal wastewater (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) from Moronacocha Lake in the Peruvian Amazon to assess growth kinetics, ammonium removal efficiency, and biochemical composition. The cyanobacterium exhibited optimal performance in 25% wastewater, achieving the highest specific growth rate (22.8 × 10−2 μ·day−1) and biomass increase (393.2%), exceeding even the standard BG-11 medium. This treatment also demonstrated exceptional ammonium removal efficiency (95.4%) and enhanced phycocyanin production (33.6 μg/mg, 56% higher than the control). As wastewater concentration increased, both growth parameters and removal efficiency progressively declined. Biochemical analysis revealed that higher wastewater concentrations resulted in decreased protein content and increased lipid accumulation in the biomass. These findings demonstrate the dual potential of Synechococcus sp. for effective wastewater remediation and production of valuable biomass with modifiable biochemical characteristics, offering a sustainable approach for wastewater management in the Peruvian Amazon region.Acceso abierto
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Seismic Analysis of a Two-Story Confined Masonry House: Comparative Study of Seismic-Resistant Standards E.030, NSR-10 and Nch433(Avestia Publishing, 2025-01-01)Earthquakes are a significant threat in countries with high seismic activity such as Peru, Chile, and Colombia, where the application of earthquake-resistant regulations is essential to ensure structural safety. The objective of this research is to determine the discrepancies in the use of criteria and designs of the earthquake-resistant regulations E.030 versus Nch433 and NSR-10, as well as how these affect loads, drifts, and accelerations. This is obtained through a comparative analysis of basal shear forces, story drifts, and spectral accelerations. Therefore, a model of a two-story confined masonry house located in San Juan de Miraflores, Lima, is made using Etabs software and complying with the minimum requirements of standard E.070. NSR-10 showed the greatest strength. basal shear with a value of 422.94 Tonf on both the “X” and “Y” axes by means of analysis Linear static. On the other hand, the highest incidence of drifts with respect to their maximum permissible drifts was obtained with the E.030 standard with a value of 4.905% by linear static analysis and the highest incidence by spectral modal analysis was obtained with the same standard with a value of 5.31%. These significant differences in shear forces at the base are mainly due to the different expressions and criteria used for calculating shear, in addition to the different considerations for the use of loads in buildings. Standards E.030 and NSR-10 for calculating shear forces at the base in linear static analysis use an expression obtained from their spectra; however, the Chilean standard NCH433 does not use an expression based on its spectrum, but rather a completely different formula.Acceso abierto
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Comparative Spectral Dynamic Analysis of Reinforcement with Buckling Restrained Braces and Fluid Viscous Dampers for an Irregular 11-Story Building(Avestia Publishing, 2025-01-01)This study presents a comparative spectral dynamic analysis between the use of Buckling Restrained Braces (BRB) and Fluid Viscous Dampers (FVD) in a configuration, applied to an irregular 11-story building. The effectiveness of both systems in reducing inelastic drifts and torsions was examined, considering the irregularities in height and plan. The results indicated that, without reinforcement, the building exhibited inelastic displacements that exceeded the permissible limit established by the Peruvian standardE.030. The implementation of BRB and FVD significantly reduced these displacements, improving the seismic response of the structure. This analysis allowed for the determination of which damping system provides better results in stiffness and seismic energy dissipation.Acceso abierto
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Retrofit Proposal for a 70-Year-Old Educational Building in a High-Seismicity Zone(Avestia Publishing, 2025-01-01)This article analyses the structural behaviour of an educational pavilion more than 70 years old in a highly seismic area, with damage to beams and columns attributed to the current use of the roof as a warehouse, in addition to having a high probability of collapse according to the FEMA P-154 seismic vulnerability study. Diamond extractions were carried out based on the ASCE 41-06 standard to obtain the compressive strength of the columns and beams. After the tests, linear and nonlinear analysis were performed based on the E.030 and ASCE 41-17 standards, respectively. The structural modelling confirmed non-compliance with the maximum distortion of 7/1000 allowed by the standard for the Y-axis gantry system. Therefore, RC jacketing was proposed as a reinforcement alternative according to the UNAM reinforcement guide and the IS 15988:2013 standard. The encasement of columns along the Y-axis reduced the drift by 58%, while the encasement of beams resulted in a 45% reduction. However, when implemented separately, neither of the seen casements met the regulatory limit, prompting the adoption of a combined encasement solution, which achieved an 80% reduction. Whereas the pushover analysis indicated that in the event of frequent and occasional earthquakes, the reinforced structure would be fully operational, which shows the importance of developing a reinforcement plan at the superstructure level addressed in this research, which not only offers a reinforcement solution, but also serves as a reference for similar initiatives in other countries.Acceso abierto
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Parametric Seismic Response of Base-Isolated Reinforced Concrete Silos(Avestia Publishing, 2025-01-01)Silos are vulnerable structures during severe seismic events due to their slenderness and their interaction with stored material. This investigation presents the results of a special structure that incorporates a basal seismic isolation system, such as the Triple Friction Pendulum System (TFPS). A parametric study was conducted on eight models of reinforced concrete silos to evaluate the effectiveness of TFPS isolators in mitigating the effects of various parameters on their seismic response. This research makes significant contributions by identifying parameters that affect isolated silos, providing valuable insights into their seismic behaviour. The silos were modeled and validated by comparing the forces obtained from a modal spectral analysis with analytical forces from a previous study, achieving acceptable errors for the research objectives. Finally, a nonlinear dynamic time history analysis was performed using seven seismic records, selecting one as critical due to its peak acceleration at the start. The study determined that TFPS isolators efficiently reduced the influence of the analyzed parameters in slender silos, allowing their omission in non-critical seismic events for isolated structures. Compact silos exhibited reduced effectiveness due to uplift related to their compact design and the interaction between the stored material and the structure. This necessitates a thorough evaluation of the analysed parameters. In critical case, the full slender silo exhibited no increase in seismic response due to the stiffness contribution of the stored material. Conversely, empty slender silos showed increases because the force transfer in the final Phase of TFPS isolators became critical without the stiffness contribution of the stored material. Compact silos exhibited a similar seismic response for non-critical earthquakes, but the response was amplified due to significant lateral displacements.Acceso abierto
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Seismic Performance Evaluation of a 10-Story Structural Wall Building under Severe Earthquakes in Lima, 2025(Avestia Publishing, 2025-01-01)This research aims to contribute to the study of seismic behaviour by evaluating the seismic performance of reinforced concrete wall structures through the development of a representative archetype. This archetype was elaborated based on the analysis and systematisation of ten structural plans of real buildings that share similar characteristics. The methodology followed includes the non-linear static analysis to determine the data that will help to plot the capacity curve of the structure. This process is carried out with the Stera 3D software that provides the data of the capacity curve, then the demand curves or demand spectra are elaborated according to the indications of the vision 2000 committee. Subsequently, the structural performance point is determined through the intersection between the capacity curve and the demand curves, which makes it possible to identify the level of performance achieved. The results obtained show that the archetype analysed achieves a different performance level for each earthquake that generates a different demand curve. This approach allows a more accurate understanding of the seismic behaviour of similar buildings, providing useful tools for decision making in structural design and seismic strengthening.Acceso abierto
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Improving the Compressive Strength of Concrete with Recycled Ground Glass(Avestia Publishing, 2025-01-01)This paper explores the use of recycled ground glass as a partial substitute for sand in concrete mixtures, aiming to enhance its mechanical properties, specifically compressive strength. Mixtures with glass replacements of 15%, 20%, and 25% were developed and tested, evaluating their performance at 7, 14, and 28 days. Experimental results indicate that using 15% ground glass increases compressive strength by 4.91% compared to standard concrete and improves workability without significantly affecting cohesion. In contrast, higher glass percentages increase the mixture's porosity, reducing its density and strength. Furthermore, the economic analysis shows a cost reduction of up to 1.94% with this optimal proportion. The research concludes that incorporating ground glass is a sustainable and economically viable alternative, as it promotes waste reuse and reduces the demand for natural sand, thereby mitigating the environmental impact associated with construction.Acceso abierto
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Guide for the Optimization of Material Storage during the Structural Phase of Educational Projects through the Application of the ABC Methodology(Avestia Publishing, 2025-01-01)This article presents a guide for optimizing material storage in educational infrastructure projects, specifically during the structural phase, using the ABC methodology. The study addresses the problem of poor management and placement of construction materials in warehouses, which negatively impacts operational efficiency and costs. A total of 172 stored materials were analysed in an October project, 86 of which were used. The materials were classified into three categories: A (11 materials), B (26 materials), and C (49 materials), representing critical values for prioritization and efficient distribution. The methodology includes an ABC analysis, a Pareto diagram, and warehouse modelling in Revit, demonstrating how redistribution improves access times, inventory control, and reduces the rate of obsolete materials. The results highlight the feasibility of implementing this guide in similar projects, promoting resource management.Acceso abierto
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Mechanical Performance of Concrete with Graphene Oxide: Evaluation of Compressive and Splitting Tensile Strength(Avestia Publishing, 2025-01-01)Concrete is currently one of the most widely used materials in the world, but its production involves the emission of significant amounts of CO2 due to cement manufacturing. To address this global issue, various materials and methods have been explored. In this context, the incorporation of graphene oxide (GO) into concrete emerges as an innovative solution due to its remarkable physical and chemical properties. GO has been shown to enhance the mechanical properties of concrete, allowing target strength to be achieved with less cement. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the influence of GO on the mechanical properties and workability of concrete. Four concrete mix designs were evaluated, consisting of a control group and three dosages (0.03%, 0.05%, and 0.08% GO relative to the cement weight). Tests were conducted for compressive strength, split tensile strength, and slump. Results indicate that the 0.08% dosage proved to be optimal, with a 22.71% increase in compressive strength and a 23.37% increase in split tensile strength at 28 days compared to the control mix. However, this dosage exhibited the lowest slump, measuring 139 mm. In conclusion, the incorporation of GO into concrete improves its strength, particularly at early stages, suggesting its potential for structures subjected to heavy loads from the outset.Acceso abierto
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Incremental Static Analysis for the Seismic Performance Evaluation of a Peruvian R.C. Building(Avestia Publishing, 2025-01-01)In the present study, the incremental static or pushover analysis will be used, since it offers more accurate results compared to the linear analysis. Therefore, its application is indispensable for the evaluation of the seismic performance of a reinforced concrete structure composed of beams, columns and walls. This structure is a multi-family building of 6 levels, rectangular in shape with an area of 120 m2. The methodology used allows obtaining the capacity of the structure against applied lateral loads, thus determining the performance levels for each level of seismic hazard according to the VISION 2000 guidelines. The study begins with an exhaustive analysis of the geometry, structural elements of the building, the use of standards and guidelines related to seismic resistance. However, two 3D structural models were created in Etabs V.21, called model 1 and model 2. In model 1, the non-linear model of plastic hinges for beams and columns will be taken into account, taking into consideration that the walls are hinged with fiber type hinges. On the other hand, for model 2, the nonlinear model of fiber-type hinges for columns, beams and walls will be taken into account. However, the indispensable resource is the ASCE 41-17/23 standard for the model with plastic hinges. On the other hand, we use the constitutive models of Mander and Park to define the behavior of concrete and steel in each fiber division. Then, the results of the capacity curve in each X and Y direction are compared. Finally, the pushover curve is sectorized to obtain the performance levels for frequent, occasional, rare and very rare earthquakes. Therefore, the findings in this article are useful for professionals engaged in structural engineering who are interested in the performance evaluation of a reinforced concrete structure or in other infrastructures that exist at the international level.Acceso abierto
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Comfort Evaluation of the 'Católica' Pedestrian Bridge Based on SETRA 2006(Avestia Publishing, 2025-01-01)The increasing trend toward slender and low-stiffness pedestrian bridge designs has significantly raised their susceptibility to dynamic excitations induced by pedestrian activity. One of the most critical vibration phenomena in such structures is synchronous excitation, which occurs when the walking frequency of pedestrians coincides with the natural frequency of the bridge. This resonance condition can amplify the structural response, negatively impacting both user comfort and overall structural performance. These challenges are particularly relevant in densely populated urban environments such as Lima. In this study, the dynamic behavior and comfort performance of the “Católica” pedestrian bridge were evaluated through in-situ vibration measurements using a geophone-based seismograph. The recorded data were analyzed based on the SETRA guideline, which classifies comfort into four levels according to peak vertical acceleration. This international reference was selected because, unlike the Peruvian bridge design standards—which do not explicitly consider pedestrian-induced vibrations as a dynamic load—the SETRA guideline has been applied in similar studies within the national context and offers more specific criteria for evaluating pedestrian comfort. The results showed that vertical accelerations reached up to 0.541 g (5.31 m/s2) during pedestrian activity, corresponding to the lowest comfort level defined by the SETRA guideline. While most structural frequencies remained outside the resonance range, certain transverse modes during loading approached 1.2 Hz—a value close to the typical walking frequency range of pedestrians (1.7-2.3 Hz)suggesting a moderate potential for dynamic amplification. Although no clear resonance was detected, the elevated acceleration levels observed under normal use conditions highlight the need to implement vibration mitigation measures. At this stage of the study, no single solution is prescribed. However, there is a recognized need to evaluate and compare various mitigation strategies in order to determine the most appropriate approach. These may include Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs), damping pads, tuned stiffness elements, or minor structural modifications. A comparative assessment considering technical performance, ease of implementation, and cost-effectiveness would help identify the optimal solution. Such measures would allow the bridge to comply with the SETRA Level 1 comfort threshold (0.5 m/s2), thereby enhancing both safety and user comfort.Acceso abierto
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Improving Earthwork Planning with the implementation of BIM and UAV: Case study applied in the surroundings of the Chancay mega-port - Peru - 2024(Avestia Publishing, 2025-01-01)The lack of necessary information and the lack of accuracy presented in this, causes direct damage to the planning process of a construction project, due to problems such as cost overruns or delays, caused by the incorrect distribution of resources allocated for the completion of activities. In earthmoving work, the deficient collection and processing of information is an index of the bad procedure that a company has and causes the activities to present additional costs due to rework, dissatisfaction on the part of the client or delays in the delivery within the predetermined deadlines. That is why this article proposes the implementation of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV), in conjunction with BIM software, as tools for the collection, processing and sharing of information. This will be more complete and will allow a programming based on qualitative and quantitative data in a precise, fast and understandable way for those interested in the execution process of a construction project, which, being located in an area of high demand due to its proximity to the mega port of Chancay, will allow the earthwork execution procedure to be carried out in an efficient and fast way, avoiding harming the construction company.
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Procedure to Reduce Evaluation Time in the Selection of Professional Staff in Medium-Sized Multi-Family Construction Companies Using the AHP Method(Avestia Publishing, 2025-01-01)In the construction sector, the selection of personnel for the technical office faces challenges such as the lack of structure and subjectivity in the evaluation criteria, which makes it difficult to quickly identify the most suitable candidates. This article proposes an optimized procedure to address this problem through the use of the AHP multicriteria method and Expert Choice software. The process involves applying AHP to establish priorities and evaluate candidates based on previously defined objective criteria. Through interviews and surveys, deficiencies in the traditional approach were identified, such as the lack of planning and the reliance on subjective judgments. The proposal demonstrates how the application of AHP reduces the evaluation time by 70%, improving transparency, traceability, and reliability of the process, contributing to the formation of technical teams more aligned with the specific requirements of the projects.Acceso abierto
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Analysis of the Interaction between Passengers and Buses at a Congested Bus Stop through Simulation to Reduce Congestion Rate(Avestia Publishing, 2025-01-01)This article addresses the issue of user congestion at a high-demand public transportation stop in Lima, caused by prolonged waiting times and the perceived low quality of service. Micro simulation was conducted using VISSIM software to model ideal scenarios based on empirical data. The analysis considered key indicators such as service demand, congestion levels, and operational frequency of transportation lines. The study simulated the anticipated behavior of users who, upon having access to real-time bus arrival information, arrive at the stop just in time, thereby reducing waiting times. The results showed a 12.22% reduction in user congestion during peak hours and a more uniform redistribution of service demand during the same period. This optimization improved passenger flow and user experience without the need to alter the current bus frequencies, validating the economic and operational feasibility of the proposal. The research highlights the use of micro-simulation as an effective tool for designing sustainable solutions in urban environments, contributing to improved mobility and perceived reliability of public transportation.Acceso abierto
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Seismic Vulnerability Assessment in Non-Engineered Dwellings Using RVS Methods and Its Validation with a Quantitative Approach(Avestia Publishing, 2025-01-01)This research presents an analysis of seismic vulnerability in dwellings built without engineering criteria, aiming to determine their levels of vulnerability. Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) methods, such as those proposed by FEMA P-154 and developed by INDECI, were employed to assess the vulnerability of 20 dwellings. Additionally, a quantitative validation was conducted on two of thesed wellings using parameters like lateral drift to complement the qualitative analysis. The results obtained through FEMA P-154 indicate that 50% of the dwellings exhibit a "Very High" level of vulnerability, 45% a "High" level, and 5% a "Low" level. Meanwhile, the INDECI method classifies 45% of the dwellings as having "Very High" vulnerability and 55% as "High." The quantitative evaluation of lateral drift showed that Dwelling 1 and Dwelling 2 experienced excessive drift values of 0.006979 and 0.004624, respectively, classifying both as "vulnerable" to seismic events. When comparing the qualitative methods (FEMA P-154 and INDECI) with the quantitative method (lateral drift), slight discrepancies were identified in the assigned vulnerability levels, although they maintained a close correlation. While the qualitative methods indicated high and very high vulnerability, the quantitative method classified them as "Vulnerable." Despite these differences, the results converge in highlighting the high susceptibility of the analyzed dwellings to seismic events. These findings emphasize the need to prioritize structural reinforcements to reduce seismic risk levels in the evaluated area.Acceso abierto
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User-Centered Design of a Computer Vision System for Monitoring PPE Compliance in Manufacturing(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025-08-01)In manufacturing environments, the proper use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is essential to prevent workplace accidents. Despite this need, existing PPE monitoring methods remain largely manual and suffer from limited coverage, significant errors, and inefficiencies. This article focuses on addressing this deficiency by designing a computer vision desktop application for automated monitoring of PPE use. This system uses lightweight YOLOv8 models, developed to run on the local system and operate even in industrial locations with limited network connectivity. Using a Lean UX approach, the development of the system involved creating empathy maps, assumptions, product backlog, followed by high-fidelity prototype interface components. C4 and physical diagrams helped define the system architecture to facilitate modifiability, scalability, and maintainability. Usability was verified using the System Usability Scale (SUS), with a score of 87.6/100 indicating “excellent” usability. The findings demonstrate that a user-centered design approach, considering user experience and technical flexibility, can significantly advance the utility and adoption of AI-based safety tools, especially in small- and medium-sized manufacturing operations. This article delivers a validated and user-centered design solution for implementing machine vision systems into manufacturing safety processes, simplifying the complexities of utilizing advanced AI technologies and their practical application in resource-limited environments.Acceso abierto
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Model for Passenger Demand Prediction in a Public Transportation Company in Peru Using Machine Learning Algorithms(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025-01-01)Public transportation in Peru faces significant challenges due to the lack of integration of advanced technologies, which impacts operational efficiency and user satisfaction. This issue results in inefficient resource planning and reduces the quality of the service provided. To address this situation, this study proposes a Machine Learning (ML) model for predicting passenger demand. The methodology was developed in four stages: dataset definition, data preprocessing, algorithm training, and result evaluation. The model considered five main variables (F1 to F5) to train and evaluate the performance of the algorithms Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Linear Regression (LR), and Decision Tree (DT) using metrics such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). The results showed that the RF algorithm achieved the highest accuracy and lowest error, standing out for its ability to fit real-world data, while DT demonstrated the poorest performance, with higher variability in its predictions. These findings position RF as an effective tool for accurately predicting passenger demand.
