The present study consists of observing the relationship between immunizations and anemia in children under 5 years of age. Anemia is a public health problem worldwide and Latin America is no exception. Particularly, for the Peruvian case, approximately one third of children under 5 years of age present this disease. The consequences vary depending on the degree of anemia that occurs; Mild anemia being the most common case among minors. In order to combat anemia, the Peruvian Ministry of Health proposes various actions, including vaccination against rotavirus and pneumococcus as some of them. From this perspective, the question arises if there is a relationship between immunization and anemia. For this, taking information from the Demographic Survey of Family Health (ENDES), estimates are made regarding the possession and level of anemia in children under 5 years of age, taking as the main variable that children are up to date with their vaccinations, according to their age in months. Vaccination is based on Ministerial Resolution No. 719-2018/MINSA and the study period is from 2019 to 2021, considering the year in which the pandemic began. It can be seen that in 2019, the magnitude of complete immunization, both individually and collectively, is greater than in subsequent years. From this premise the main conclusion can be drawn, which indicates that there is an inverse association between complete immunization and the tenure of anemia in children under 5 years of age.

Mining is an important industry in Peru, but local communities where mining takes place do not perceive its benefits. Mining corporations need to achieve legitimacy within these communities. The main objective of this study is to identify the factors that determine the provision of social licenses to operate in Peru’s mining regions. We conducted this research using a case study of two Peruvian mining companies. Our study concludes with the identification of four essential factors needed to achieve a social license to operate within these communities: a deep understanding of the socioeconomic environment, a strong commitment to the community, an active presence of Government, and effective communication between the actors involved in mining activities. The combination of these elements can result in improved trust levels between companies and society, enabling all agents to recognize the costs and benefits resulting from mining.

The exchange rate is one of the most important prices in any open economy. Tracking deviations from its long-run value may provide important information for policymakers. One way to track such deviations is to examine numerical patterns in exchange rates to see if the patterns appear to have been subject to some degree of policy management. Following this approach, we use Benford’s Law as our base case for free-floating exchange rates. Benford’s Law argues that the frequence of the appearance of numerals finds 1’s more frequent, than 2’s, than 3’s, etc., and this established statistical patterns has been verified and used in research tests in many scientific fields. We apply our forensic approach to exchange rates, computing the distribution of exchange-rate observed values and comparing them with those of Benford’s Law. We document such cases for 15 Latin American countries. Latin American countries are small open economies that are characterized for having different degrees of dollarization and intervention in the forex market, primary based on US dollar transactions. This is an alternative view of how these characteristics play a role with respect to an implied equilibrium exchange rate.