Carta al Editor.

Cartas al Editor

Los tumores neuroendocrinos de cuello uterino son extremadamente raros. Las mujeres con diagnóstico de carcinoma neuroendocrino de células pequeñas del cuello uterino tienen mayor frecuencia de metástasis en los ganglios linfáticos, invasión linfovascular, recurrencia y peor pronóstico en comparación con aquellos con otros tipos de neoplasias cervicales. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 58 años, con un tiempo de enfermedad de seis años antes del ingreso, caracterizado por sangrado vaginal irregular posmenopáusica, además de sintomatología relacionada a anemia crónica. En el examen ginecológico, se evidenció tumoración de 4 cm que ocupaba tercio superior de vagina y protruía por el cérvix. Fue diagnosticado como mioma abortivo y enviada a estudio anatomopatológico. El resultado fue carcinoma neuroendocrino de células pequeñas grado III en el 90% y carcinoma epidermoide en el 10%. La paciente fue sometida a histerectomía radical más salpingo-ooferectomía bilateral y linfadenectomía pélvica bilateral y para-aortica. El estudio anatomopatológico de la pieza quirúrgica encontró endometrio y miometrio comprometido por neoplasia maligna. Parametrios, anexos y ganglios linfáticos se encontraron libres de neoplasia. A la microscopía el resultado fue carcinoma neuroendocrino grado III (carcinoma de células pequeñas, infiltrante), con extensa embolia linfovascular. El estudio de inmunohistoquímica arrojó sinaptofisina positivo en las áreas con diferenciación neuroendocrina.

OBJECTIVE: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) during pregnancy is associated with several adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. A reliable and valid screening tool for GAD should lead to earlier detection and treatment. Among pregnant Peruvian women, a brief screening tool, the GAD-7, has not been validated. This study aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of the GAD-7. METHODS: Of 2,978 women who attended their first perinatal care visit and had the GAD-7 screening, 946 had a Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). The Cronbach's alpha was calculated to examine the reliability. We assessed the criterion validity by calculating operating characteristics. The construct validity was evaluated using factor analysis and association with health status on the CIDI. The cross-cultural validity was explored using the Rasch Rating Scale Model (RSM). RESULTS: The reliability of the GAD-7 was good (Cronbach's alpha = 0.89). A cutoff score of 7 or higher, maximizing the Youden Index, yielded a sensitivity of 73.3% and a specificity of 67.3%. One-factor structure of the GAD-7 was confirmed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Concurrent validity was supported by the evidence that higher GAD-7 scores were associated with poor self-rated physical and mental health. The Rasch RSM further confirmed the cross-cultural validity of the GAD-7. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the Spanish-language version of the GAD-7 may be used as a screening tool for pregnant Peruvian women. The GAD-7 has good reliability, factorial validity, and concurrent validity. The optimal cutoff score obtained by maximizing the Youden Index should be considered cautiously; women who screened positive may require further investigation to confirm GAD diagnosis.

Background: Giardiasis is one of the most common causes of diarrheal disease worldwide and 5-nitroimidazoles (5-NI) are the most commonly prescribed drugs for the treatment of giardiasis. We evaluated the efficacy of 5-nitroimidazoles (5-NI) in the treatment of giardiasis in a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methodology/Principal Findings: We conducted a comprehensive literature search in PubMed-Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library for RCTs evaluating the efficacy of 5-NI vs. control (placebo or active treatment) on parasitological cure in patients with parasitologically-demonstrated giardiasis. The search was performed in May 2013 with no language restriction by two authors independently. The efficacy outcome was parasitological cure, and harmful outcomes were abdominal pain, bitter or metallic taste, and headache. We included 30 RCTs (n = 3,930). There was a significant and slightly higher response rate with 5-NI in giardiasis treatment (RR 1.06, 95%CI 1.02–1.11, p = 0.005). There was high heterogeneity among studies (I2= 72%). The response rates for metronidazole, tinidazole and secnidazole were similar (RR 1.05, 95%CI 1.01–1.09, p = 0.01; RR 1.32 95%CI 1.10–1.59, p = 0.003; and RR 1.18 95%CI 0.93–1.449, p = 0.18, respectively). On subgroup analyses, the response rates did not vary substantially and high heterogeneity persisted (I2= 57%–80%). Harmful outcomes were uncommon, and 5-NIs were associated with lower risk of abdominal pain, and higher risk of both bitter or metallic taste and headache. Conclusions: Studies investigating the efficacy of 5-NI in giardiasis treatment are highly heterogeneous. 5-NIs have a slightly better efficacy and worse profile for mild harmful outcomes in the treatment of giardiasis in comparison to controls. Larger high quality RCTs are needed to further assess efficacy and safety profiles of 5-NI.

The objective of the study was to describe the aetiology, epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the principal causes of acute infectious diarrhoea requiring hospitalization among children under 5 years of age in Rabat, Morocco. A prospective study was conducted from March 2011 to March 2012, designed to describe the main pathogens causing diarrhoea in hospitalized children >2 months and less than 5 years of age. Among the 122 children included in the study, enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) and rotavirus were the main aetiological causes of diarrhoea detected. Twelve (9.8 %) children were referred to an intensive care unit, while two, presenting infection by EAEC, and EAEC plus Shigella sonnei, developed a haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Additionally, six (4.9 %) deaths occurred, with EAEC being isolated in four of these cases. Diarrhoeagenic E. coli and rotavirus play a significant role as the two main causes of severe diarrhoea, while other pathogens, such as norovirus and parasites, seem to have a minimal contribution. Surveillance and prevention programmes to facilitate early recognition and improved management of potentially life-threatening diarrhoea episodes are needed.

The main aim of this study was to establish the resistance levels to antimicrobial agents, in 222 non-pathogenic E. Coli strains of fecal origin in Peru. The proportion of resistance found to the evaluated antimicrobials was ampicillin (62.6%), cotrimoxazole (48,6%), tetracycline (43,0%) and chloramphenicol (15,8%). We emphasize the high resistance levels found for quinolones: 32% for nalidixic acid (NAL) and 12% for ciprofloxacin (CIP). These high levels of quinoloneresistance in non-pathogenic strains isolated from children in this age group highlight the extensive use and the impact of the intake of this kind of antimicrobials in the community, showing the potential risk of the loss of their utility in the area.

BACKGROUND: Among patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) a higher number of medical morbidities are known to be associated with those that have obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) compared to OSA alone. OHS can therefore pose a higher risk of postoperative complications after elective non-cardiac surgery (NCS) and is often unrecognized at the time of surgery. The objective of this study was to retrospectively identify patients with OHS and compare their postoperative outcomes with those who have OSA alone. METHODS: Patients meeting criteria for OHS were identified within a large cohort of patients with OSA who underwent elective NCS at a major tertiary care center. We identified postoperative outcomes associated with OSA and OHS as well as the clinical determinants of OHS (BMI, AHI). Multivariable logistic or linear regression models were used for dichotomous or continuous outcomes, respectively. RESULTS: Patients with hypercapnia from definite or possible OHS, and overlap syndrome are more likely to develop postoperative respiratory failure [OR: 10.9 (95% CI 3.7-32.3), p<0.0001], postoperative heart failure (p<0.0001), prolonged intubation [OR: 5.4 (95% CI 1.9-15.7), p=0.002), postoperative ICU transfer (OR: 3.8 (95% CI 1.7-8.6), p=0.002]; longer ICU (beta coefficient: 0.86; SE: 0.32, p=0.009) and hospital length of stay (beta coefficient: 2.94; SE: 0.87, p=0.0008) when compared to patients with OSA. Among the clinical determinants of OHS, neither BMI nor AHI showed associations with any postoperative outcomes in univariable or multivariable regression. CONCLUSIONS: Better emphasis is needed on preoperative recognition of hypercapnia among patients with OSA or overlap syndrome undergoing elective NCS

Introducción: El tratamiento restaurador atraumático, es utilizado como parte de los programas preventivos de salud pública, por ello es importante evaluar las técnicas de aplicación del material restaurador utilizando cemento ionómero de vidrio de autocurado. Objetivo: Comparar la microfiltración de los cementos ionoméricos Ketac™ Molar Easy Mix e Ionofil Molar® con dos técnicas de aplicación: jeringa centrix y espátula TRA. Materiales y métodos: Estudio experimental in vitro. Se utilizaron 52 dientes de bovino con preparaciones cavitarias. Las muestras se dividieron en 2 grupos según los cementos ionoméricos y según la técnica de aplicación. Se colocó el material restaurador siguiendo las indicaciones del fabricante. Todas las muestras fueron termocicladas, sumergidas en azul de metileno al 0,05% y seccionadas mediante un corte longitudinal. Se evaluó la microfiltración a través del software del esteromicroscopio. Para comparar las técnicas de aplicación según los cementos ionoméricos se utilizaron las pruebas estadísticas de t de Student y la prueba de U de Mann- Whitney. Resultados: La microfiltración de los cementos ionoméricos Ketac TM Molar Easy Mix e Ionofil Molar® según las técnicas de aplicación jeringa centrix y espátula TRA, no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (valor p>0,05). El cemento Ketac TM Molar Easy Mix y la técnica con la jeringa centrix y su respectiva combinación fueron los que presentaron menor microfiltración. Conclusión: Todos los dientes presentaron microfiltración y entre ellos el grupo KetacTM Molar Easy Mix® con la jeringa centrix mostraron menores valores de microfiltración