RSS 1.0Artículos científicos
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Martín Vizcarra Cornejo en el poder: los presuntos actos de corrupción en su contra y su lucha contra la corrupción(Universidad Peruana Union, 2020-08-25)El presente trabajo de investigación presenta un análisis acerca de Martín Vizcarra como actor político en el marco de las consecuencias políticas y judiciales en relación con el tema de corrupción que se le acusa, primero, como gobernador regional de Moquegua (2011-2014), luego, como Ministro de Transportes y Comunicaciones del Perú (2016-2017), y, posteriormente, como máxima autoridad del país (2018-2021). Metodológicamente, se emplea la información obtenida de la documentación periodística y la estadística. En el trabajo se señala que Vizcarra construye estratégicamente una identidad política con la que se opone a la corrupción y con la que contrarresta las acusaciones o denuncias de delitos durante sus distintas gestiones contra la administración pública peruana para favorecer su imagen como político.Acceso abierto
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El turismo colaborativo y sus estrategias discursivas: El caso de los anfitriones de Airbnb en Lima-Perú(Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 2020-07-09)Airbnb es un fenómeno turístico que amenaza la industria hotelera limeña, al mismo tiempo que potencia el turismo de la ciudad. Este sector de alojamiento turístico atrae a millones de personas bajo un discurso de familiaridad, accesibilidad y sentido de pertenencia. Para ello, los anfitriones en Airbnb se encargan de generar discursos altamente persuasivos a través de una serie de estrategias discursivas. Esta investigación analiza las estrategias léxicas y retóricas que emplean los anfitriones limeños para convencer a sus huéspedes potenciales. La data está conformada por 108 muestras discursivas de los anfitriones limeños de cada uno de los 8 distritos más turísticos de la ciudad, los cuales han sido recogidos de la plataforma Airbnb. En este estudio, se concluye que los hospedadores recurren a mecanismos que apelan a la cercanía de los lugares de interés, a los elementos históricos y culturales que poseen, y a la experiencia en el rubro o camaradería, así como también a su propia procedencia, aficiones, trayectoria académica o profesional y vida familiar.Acceso abierto
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TPM Maintenance Management Model Focused on Reliability that Enables the Increase of the Availability of Heavy Equipment in the Construction Sector(Institute of Physics Publishing, 2020-04-06)The purpose of this paper is to present a maintenance study focused on total productive maintenance (TPM) and reliability-centered maintenance (RCM). Its approach is based on the first pillars of TPM, preventive and autonomous maintenance, as well as the FMEA analysis of RCM for maintenance analysis, which was conducted in this study. The implementation of TPM was successful in that various preventive maintenance (PM) policies assigned to the assets were implemented and it was demonstrated that TPM application in the construction industry could reduce the excessive accumulation of maintenance with the same effective optimization, and with support from RCM analysis and its heavy equipment systems analysis. Excessive corrective maintenance accounts for high investment and delay rates in work times of the assigned project. Traditional methods of availability guarantee, such as reactive or routine maintenance, are insufficient to satisfy a heavy equipment maintenance plan; therefore, what is called for is the systematic application of RCM and TMP because they allow the selection and application of effective PM tasks. An approach that develops and thoroughly analyzes the strategies of continuous corrective and PM is used with an atmosphere of uncertainty and with operational data limited by criticism. Results show a 90% improvement in availability.Acceso abierto
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Relationship between stunting in children 6 to 36 months of age and maternal employment status in Peru: A sub-analysis of the Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey(Public Library of Science, 2019-04-01)Objectives This study aimed to determine the relationship between stunting in children 6 to 36 months old and maternal employment status in Peru. Methods A secondary data analysis was conducted using information from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) in Peru. We used a representative sample of 4637 mother-child binomials to determine the association between stunting in children 6 to 36 months of age and the employment status of their mothers. Results The prevalence of stunting among children was 15.9% (95% CI: 13.9–16.7). The prevalence of working mothers was 63.7%. No association was found between maternal employment status and the presence of stunting in children [prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.04; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.9 to 1.2; p = 0.627). However, on multivariate analysis we found that the prevalence of stunting was significantly higher among children of mothers performing unpaid work (12.4%) (PR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.2–1.6; p < 0.001) compared with those of paid working mothers. Conclusion No significant association was found between maternal employment status and the presence of stunting in children 6 to 36 months of age. However, children of mothers doing unpaid work are at higher risk of stunting. These findings support the implementation of educational programs and labour policies to reduce the prevalence of stunting among children.Acceso abierto
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Identfication of viral and bacterial etiologic agents of the pertussis-like syndrome in children under 5 years old hospitalized(BioMed Central Ltd., 2019-01-21)Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children, remaining a major public health concern, especially affecting children under 5 years old from low-income countries. Unfortunately, information regarding their epidemiology is still limited in Peru. Methods: A secondary data analysis was performed from a previous cross-sectional study conducted in children with a probable diagnosis of Pertussis from January 2010 to July 2012. All samples were analyzed via Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the following etiologies: Influenza-A, Influenza-B, RSV-A, RSV-B, Adenovirus, Parainfluenza 1 virus, Parainfluenza 2 virus, Parainfluenza 3 virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Results: A total of 288 patients were included. The most common pathogen isolated was Adenovirus (49%), followed by Bordetella pertussis (41%) from our previous investigation, the most prevelant microorganisms were Mycoplasma pneumonia (26%) and Influenza-B (19.8%). Coinfections were reported in 58% of samples and the most common association was found between B. pertussis and Adenovirus (12.2%). Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of Adenovirus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and other etiologies in patients with a probable diagnosis of pertussis. Despite the presence of persistent cough lasting at least two weeks and other clinical characteristics highly suspicious of pertussis, secondary etiologies should be considered in children under 5 years-old in order to give a proper treatment.Acceso abierto
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Outcomes of patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation and congestive heart failure(BMJ Publishing Group, 2019-12-01)Objectives A substantial number of patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and congestive heart failure (CHF) are medically managed without undergoing corrective surgery. We sought to assess the characteristics and outcomes of CHF patients who underwent tricuspid valve surgery (TVS), compared with those who did not. Methods Retrospective observational study involving 2556 consecutive patients with severe TR from the Cleveland Clinic Echocardiographic Database. Cardiac transplant patients or those without CHF were excluded. Survival difference between patients who were medically managed versus those who underwent TVS was compared using Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify variables associated with poor outcomes. Results Among a total of 534 patients with severe TR and CHF, only 55 (10.3%) patients underwent TVS. Among the non-surgical patients (n=479), 30% (n=143) had an identifiable indication for TVS. At 38 months, patients who underwent TVS had better survival than those who were medically managed (62% vs 35%; p<0.001). On multivariate analysis, advancing age (HR: 1.23; 95% CI 1.12 to 1.35 per 10-year increase in age), moderate (HR: 1.39; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.90) and severe (HR: 2; 95% CI 1.40 to 2.80) right ventricular dysfunction were associated with higher mortality. TVS was associated with lower mortality (HR: 0.44; 95% CI 0.27 to 0.71). Conclusion Although corrective TVS is associated with better outcomes in patients with severe TR and CHF, a substantial number of them continue to be medically managed. However, since the reasons for patients not being referred to surgery could not be ascertained, further randomised studies are needed to validate our findings before clinicians can consider surgical referral for these patients.Acceso restringido temporalmente
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Pioneers of Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: History from Case Report to Global Recognition(NLM (Medline), 2019-03-01)The first case of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (breast implant ALCL) was described by John Keech and the late Brevator Creech in 1997. In the following 2 decades, much research has led to acceptance of breast implant ALCL as a specific clinicopathologic entity, a process that we bring up to life through the memories of 6 persons who were involved in this progress, although we acknowledge that many others also have contributed to the current state of the art of this disease. Dr. Keech recalls the events that led him and Creech to first report the disease. Ahmet Dogan and colleagues at the Mayo Clinic described a series of 4 patients with breast implant ALCL, and led to increased awareness of breast implant ALCL in the pathology community. Daphne de Jong and colleagues in the Netherlands were the first to provide epidemiologic evidence to support the association between breast implants and ALCL. Garry Brody was one of the first investigators to collect a large number of patients with the disease, present the spectrum of clinical findings, and alert the community of plastic surgeons. Roberto Miranda and L. Jeffrey Medeiros and colleagues studied the pathologic findings of a large number of cases of breast implant ALCL, and published the findings in 2 impactful studies in the medical oncology literature. The recognition and acceptance of this disease by surgeons, epidemiologists, and medical oncologists, working together, has led to subsequent studies on the pathogenesis and optimal therapy of this disease.Acceso restringido temporalmente
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The risk of mortality among people with type 2 diabetes in Latin America: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2019-05-01)Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a high mortality risk, although the magnitude of this association remains unknown in Latin America (LA). We aimed to assess the strength of the association between T2DM and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in population-based cohort studies in LA. Systematic review and meta-analysis: inclusion criteria were (1) men and women 18 years old and above with T2DM; (2) study outcomes all-cause and/or cause-specific mortality; and (3) using people without T2DM as comparison group. Five databases (Scopus, Medline, Embase, Global Health, and LILACS) were searched. Risk of bias was evaluated with the ROBINS-I criteria. Initially, there were 979 identified studies, of which 17 were selected for qualitative synthesis; 14 were included in the meta-analysis (N = 416 821). Self-reported T2DM showed a pooled relative risk (RR) of 2.49 for all-causes mortality (I-squared [I 2 ] = 85.7%, p < 0.001; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.96-3.15). T2DM based on a composite definition was associated with a 2.26-fold higher all-cause mortality (I 2 = 93.9%, p < 0.001; 95% CI, 1.36-3.74). The pooled risk estimates were similar between men and women, although higher at younger ages. The pooled RR for cardiovascular mortality was 2.76 (I 2 = 59.2%; p < 0.061; 95% CI, 1.99-3.82) and for renal mortality 15.85 (I 2 = 0.00%; p < 0.645; 95% CI, 9.82-25.57). Using available population-based cohort studies, this work has identified and estimated the strength of the association between T2DM and mortality in LA. The higher mortality risk compared with high-income countries deserves close attention from health policies makers and clinicians to improve diabetes care and control hence preventing complications and delaying death.Acceso restringido temporalmente
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Oral turmeric/curcumin effects on inflammatory markers in chronic inflammatory diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials(Academic Press, 2019-08-01)Turmeric extract or active component curcumin may have anti-inflammatory effects in people with chronic inflammatory diseases. The effect of turmeric or curcumin on a wide range of inflammatory markers has not been evaluated in a systematic review. We performed a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs)evaluating the effects of oral turmeric or curcumin on inflammatory markers (CRP, hsCRP, IL-1, IL-6, TNF)in patients with a wide range of chronic inflammatory diseases. Pubmed, EMBASE, Scopus, the Web of Science, and the Cochrane library were evaluated until June 2018. Random effects meta-analyses with inverse variance methods and stratified by turmeric or curcumin were performed. Effects were expressed as mean differences (MD)and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Risk of bias of RCTs was evaluated with the Cochrane tool. Nineteen RCTs were identified; included patients had rheumatic diseases, advanced chronic kidney disease with hemodialysis, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases. Turmeric was the intervention in 5 RCTs (n = 356)and curcumin/curcuminoids in 14 RCTs (n = 988). Follow up times ranged between 4 and 16 weeks. One RCT had high risk of bias. In comparison to controls, turmeric or curcumin did not significantly decrease levels of CRP (MD -2.71 mg/L, 95%CI -5.73 to 0.31, p = 0.08, 5 studies), hsCRP (MD -1.44 mg/L, 95%CI -2.94 to 0.06, p = 0.06, 6 studies), IL-1 beta (MD -4.25 pg/mL, 95%CI -13.32 to 4.82, p = 0.36, 2 studies), IL-6 (MD -0.71 pg/mL, 95%CI -1.68 to 0.25, p = 0.15), and TNF alpha (MD -1.23 pg/mL, 95%CI -3.01 to 0.55, p = 0.18, 7 studies). There were no differences between turmeric and curcumin interventions. High heterogeneity of effects was observed for all markers across studies, except hsCRP. Other inflammatory markers such as IL-1 alpha, TNF beta, IL-17, and IL-22 had scarce data. Turmeric or curcumin did not decrease several inflammatory markers in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases.Acceso restringido temporalmente
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Effect of low-sodium salt substitutes on blood pressure, detected hypertension, stroke and mortality(BMJ Publishing Group, 2019-06-01)Objective A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the efficacy of low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) as a potential intervention to reduce cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Methods Five engines and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception to May 2018. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) enrolling adult hypertensive or general populations that compared detected hypertension, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), overall mortality, stroke and other CV risk factors in those receiving LSSS versus regular salt were included. Effects were expressed as risk ratios or mean differences (MD) and their 95% CIs. Quality of evidence assessment followed GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) methodology. Results 21 RCTs (15 in hypertensive (n=2016), 2 in normotensive (n=163) and 4 in mixed populations (n=5224)) were evaluated. LSSS formulations were heterogeneous. Effects were similar across hypertensive, normotensive and mixed populations. LSSS decreased SBP (MD-7.81 mm Hg, 95% CI-9.47 to-6.15, p<0.00001) and DBP (MD-3.96 mm Hg, 95% CI-5.17 to-2.74, p<0.00001) compared with control. Significant increases in urinary potassium (MD 11.46 mmol/day, 95% CI 8.36 to 14.55, p<0.00001) and calcium excretion (MD 2.39 mmol/day, 95% CI 0.52 to 4.26, p=0.01) and decreases in urinary sodium excretion (MD-35.82 mmol/day, 95% CI-57.35 to-14.29, p=0.001) were observed. Differences in detected hypertension, overall mortality, total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose or BMI were not significant. Quality of evidence was low to very low for most of outcomes. Conclusions LSSS significantly decreased SBP and DBP. There was no effect for detected hypertension, overall mortality and intermediate outcomes. Large, long-term RCTs are necessary to clarify salt substitute effects on clinical outcomes.Acceso restringido temporalmente
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Association between serum transaminase levels and insulin resistance in euthyroid and non-diabetic adults: Serum transaminase levels and insulin resistance in healthy adults(Elsevier Ltd, 2020-01-01)Aim: To evaluate the association between elevated serum transaminase levels and insulin resistance (IR) in a population of healthy individuals. Methods: We define IR with a cut-off point of homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) ≥ 3.8. For aspartate aminotransferase (AST), we consider elevated values >30 U/L in women and values >36 U/L in men. For alanine aminotransferase (ALT), we consider elevated values >30 U/L in women and values >40 U/L in men. We performed a crude and adjusted generalized linear model from Poisson family with robust variance, in order to evaluate the association between elevated serum transaminase levels and IR. The associations were presented as prevalence ratio (PR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: We included 261 participants in the study. The median age was 39 years (31–45) and 23.7% of the participants were men. The prevalence of elevated serum transaminase for AST and ALT were, 13.8% and 26.1%, respectively. The prevalence of IR was 34.1%. In the crude analysis we found statistical significance between elevated AST and ALT with IR (PR = 3.18; 95% CI: 2.33–4.34 and PR = 2.44; 95% CI: 1.88–3.30; respectively). However, in the multivariate analysis, the association only remained statistically significance with ALT, but lost its significance with AST, PR = 1.90; CI 95%: 1.31–2.77 and a PR = 1.23; CI 95%: 0.93–1.61; respectively. Conclusion: Elevated serum levels of ALT were associated with insulin resistance. ALT could be used in clinical practice as an additional tool to assess IR in apparently healthy people.Acceso abierto
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Factors associated with self-medication in users of drugstores and pharmacies in Peru: An analysis of the national survey on user satisfaction of health services, ENSUSALUD 2015(F1000 Research Ltd, 2020-01-01)Background: Irresponsible self-medication is a problem for health systems in developing countries. We aimed to estimate the frequency of self-medication and associated factors in users of drugstores and pharmacies in Peru. Methods: We performed a secondary data analysis of the 2015 National Survey on User Satisfaction of Health Services (ENSUSALUD), a two-stage probabilistic sample of all regions of Peru. Non self-medication (NSM), responsible self-medication (RSM) and irresponsible self-medication (ISM) were defined as the outcome categories. Demographic, social, cultural and health system variables were included as covariates. We calculated relative prevalence ratios (RPR) with their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) using crude and adjusted multinomial logistic regression models for complex samples with NSM as the referent category. Results: 2582 participants were included. The average age was 41.4 years and the frequencies of NSM, RSM and ISM were 25.2%, 23.8% and 51.0%; respectively. The factors associated with RSM were male gender (RPR: 1.35; 95%CI: 1.06-1.72), being between 40 and 59 years old (RPR: 0.53; 95%IC: 0.39-0.72), being 60 or older (RPR: 0.39; 95%IC: 0.25-0.59), not having health insurance (RPR: 1.89; 95%CI: 1.31-2.71) and living in the Highlands region (RPR: 2.27; 95%CI: 1.23-4.21). The factors associated with ISM were male gender (RPR: 1.41; 95%CI: 1.16-1.72), being between 40 and 59 years old (RPR: 0.68; 95%IC: 0.53-0.88), being 60 or older (RPR: 0.65; 95%IC: 0.48-0.88) and not having health insurance (RPR: 2.03; 95%CI: 1.46-2.83). Conclusion: Around half of the population practiced ISM, which was associated with demographic and health system factors. These outcomes are the preliminary evidence that could contribute to the development of health policies in Peru.Acceso abierto
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Polygenic prediction and GWAS of depression, PTSD, and suicidal ideation/self-harm in a Peruvian cohort(Springer Nature, 2020-01-01)Genome-wide approaches including polygenic risk scores (PRSs) are now widely used in medical research; however, few studies have been conducted in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), especially in South America. This study was designed to test the transferability of psychiatric PRSs to individuals with different ancestral and cultural backgrounds and to provide genome-wide association study (GWAS) results for psychiatric outcomes in this sample. The PrOMIS cohort (N = 3308) was recruited from prenatal care clinics at the Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal (INMP) in Lima, Peru. Three major psychiatric outcomes (depression, PTSD, and suicidal ideation and/or self-harm) were scored by interviewers using valid Spanish questionnaires. Illumina Multi-Ethnic Global chip was used for genotyping. Standard procedures for PRSs and GWAS were used along with extra steps to rule out confounding due to ancestry. Depression PRSs significantly predicted depression, PTSD, and suicidal ideation/self-harm and explained up to 0.6% of phenotypic variation (minimum p = 3.9 × 10−6). The associations were robust to sensitivity analyses using more homogeneous subgroups of participants and alternative choices of principal components. Successful polygenic prediction of three psychiatric phenotypes in this Peruvian cohort suggests that genetic influences on depression, PTSD, and suicidal ideation/self-harm are at least partially shared across global populations. These PRS and GWAS results from this large Peruvian cohort advance genetic research (and the potential for improved treatments) for diverse global populations.Acceso restringido temporalmente
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Factorial validity and invariance analysis of the five items version of Mindful Awareness Attention Scale in older adults(Routledge, 2020-01-01)Objective: Mindfulness or the full attention state is a factor that contributes to the successful process of aging. This study aims to evaluate the evidence of validity, on the basis of the internal structure, convergent and discriminant validity, reliability and factorial invariance across gender, for the five items Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS-5) within a sample of older adults. Methods: The participants were 323 Peruvian older adults, consisting of 160 women and 163 men, whose average ages were 68.58 (S.D = 7.23) and 68.91 years (S.D = 7.12), respectively. In addition to the MAAS-5, the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 were administered. Results: The Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicates that the one-factor structure of the MAAS-5 presents adequate fit for the total sample (χ2 = 11.24, df = 5, χ2/df = 2.25, CFI =.99, RMSEA =.06 [90%CI:.01,.11]; and SRMR =.025), as well as for the sub-samples of men and women. This one-factor solution presents adequate internal consistency (ω = 80 [95%CI:.76 -.82]) and it is invariant across gender. Regarding convergent validity, high scores in the MAAS are associated with a greater satisfaction with life (r =.88, p<.01 [95%CI:.85,.95]) and less depression (r = −.56, p<.01 [95%CI: −.48, −.77]) in older adults. Conclusions: The preliminary results back the use of the MAAS-5 as a self-report measure of mindfulness that has an adequate unifactorial structure that is reliable and invariant across gender for measuring the full attention state in elderly Peruvians.Acceso restringido temporalmente
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Higher HOMA-IR index is associated with increased excess weight loss in patients with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> after vertical gastrectomy(Elsevier Doyma, 2020-06-01)Introduction: Bariatric surgery is considered the most effective treatment for severe obesity. However, it is not clear if patients with diabetes mellitus or insulin resistance have the same response than patients without those conditions. Our objective was to evaluate association between pre-surgical HOMA-IR index and percentage of excess weight loss (EWL%) one year after bariatric surgery using sleeve gastrectomy. Methods: Retrospective cohort including patients ≥ 18 years old with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2, who underwent primary sleeve gastrectomy between 2014-2017 at the Avendaño Medical Center, Peru. Only patients with Type 2 Diabetes, Hypertension, or Dyslipidemia were included. EWL% ≥ 60% one year after surgery was considered satisfactory. Crude and adjusted Lineal and Poisson regression with robustness was used to assess statistical associations with EWL%. Results: Ninety-one patients were included with a median of 34 years, and 57.1% were women. 85.7% had insulin resistance as per HOMA-IR. One year after surgery, 76.9% had a satisfactory EWL%. The lineal model showed. 29% less EWL% per each extra year of life (P = .019), and. 93% more EWL% per each extra HOMA-IR point (P = .004). The adjusted Poisson model showed 2% lower risk of having a satisfactory EWL% per each additional year of life (P = .050), and 2% more chance of success per each additional HOMA-IR point (P = .038). Conclusions: There was association between a higher pre-surgical HOMA-IR index and increased EWL% one year after surgery. It is possible that insulin resistance does not affect negatively sleeve gastrectomy outcomes.Acceso restringido temporalmente
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Are we adequately measuring food consumption and diet satisfaction in older adults?(ARAN Ediciones S.A., 2020-01-01)Carta al editorAcceso abierto
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Method of histopathology-ultrasound association as a pedagogical strategy for medical students in the identification of the halo sign(Elsevier Espana S.L.U, 2020-01-01)Introduction: There are no validated strategies in the teaching of ultrasound as a diagnostic tool in undergraduate medicine students. Given the role that ultrasound plays in the diagnostic capacity of any clinician is currently undeniable, a teaching method is proposed based on the demonstration of the association between the histopathology of a large vessel vasculitis and the characteristic ultrasound finding, known as the «halo sign». Methods: The teaching strategy was imparted by means of a 10-minute video presentation. Twenty-one final-year students from a single medical school participated in a concordance study and a validation test, identifying images corresponding to the halo sign in 120 different cases. The overall sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratio of the students were also determined. Results: The overall concordance test had a kappa coefficient of 0.749 (SD: 0.11). The kappa concordance was 0.76 with dynamic images, and 0.84 with cross-sectional slices. The overall sensitivity was 89.7%, and the positive predictive value was 92.3%. The likelihood ratio achieved was 7.28. Conclusions: It has been shown that the application of this pedagogical method is useful in teaching the identification of an ultrasound sign to medical students. This study also suggests conditions that could be useful to improve between-observer agreement in both teaching scenarios and multiple observer scientific studies.Acceso abierto
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Sexual Partnership-Level Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence Among Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women in Lima, Peru(Springer, 2020-01-01)To improve understanding of factors associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) and explore its role in sexually transmitted infection (STI) acquisition, we analyzed partnership-level correlates of IPV among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) in Peru. In a 2017 cross-sectional study of rectal STI screening and HIV prevention, MSM/TW completed a sociobehavioral survey addressing demographic characteristics, sexual risk behaviors, and substance use, and were tested for rectal gonorrhea and chlamydia, syphilis, and HIV. Generalized estimating equations estimated individual- and partner-level correlates of IPV. Of 576 participants (median age, 27 years), 7.9% (36/456) of MSM and 15.0% (18/120) of TW reported IPV with ≥ 1 of their last three partners. MSM/TW reporting IPV were more likely to meet criteria for an alcohol use disorder (74.1%) than participants reporting no IPV (56.7%; p <.01). Physical violence (4.5% MSM; 9.2% TW) was associated with stable partnerships (aPR 3.79, 95% CI 1.79–8.04), partner concurrency (4.42, 1.19–16.40), and participant alcohol (4.71, 1.82–12.17) or drug use (5.38, 2.22–13.02) prior to sex. Psychological violence (4.5% MSM; 5.0% TW) was associated with stable partnerships (2.84, 1.01–7.99). Sexual IPV was reported by 1.1% of MSM and 5.0% of TW. Physical, psychological, and sexual IPV were reported in sexual partnerships of Peruvian MSM and TW, particularly with stable partners and in conjunction with substance use.Acceso restringido temporalmente
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Mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates with Discordant Results for Drug-Susceptibility Testing in Peru(Hindawi Limited, 2020-01-01)Evaluation of resistance to antituberculosis drugs is routinely performed with genotypic or phenotypic methods; however, discordance can be seen between these different methodologies. Our objective was to identify mutations that could explain discordant results in the evaluation of susceptibility to rifampicin and isoniazid between molecular and phenotypic methods, using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Peruvian strains showing sensitive results in the GenoType MTBDRplus v2.0 test and resistant results in the proportions in the agar-plaque test for isoniazid or rifampin were selected. Discordance was confirmed by repeating both tests, and WGS was performed, using the Next Generation Sequencing methodology. Obtained sequences were aligned "through reference" (genomic mapping) using the program BWA with the algorithm "mem", using as a reference the genome of the M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain. Discordance was confirmed in 14 strains for rifampicin and 21 for isoniazid, with 1 strain in common for both antibiotics, for a total of 34 unique strains. The most frequent mutation in the rpoB gene in the discordant strains for rifampicin was V170F. The most frequent mutations in the discordant strains for isoniazid were katG R463L, kasA G269S, and Rv1592c I322V. Several other mutations are reported. This is the first study in Latin America addressing mutations present in strains with discordant results between genotypic and phenotypic methods to rifampicin and isoniazid. These mutations could be considered as future potential targets for genotypic tests for evaluation of susceptibility to these drugs.Acceso abierto
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Dimension and morphology of the mandibular condyle in Class I patients in cone beam computed tomography(Universidad de Concepcion, 2020-01-01)To evaluate the anterior-posterior (A-P)/medial-lateral (M-L) dimension, and morphology of the mandibular condyle in patients aged 18 to 65 years with Class I skeletal pattern on Cone Beam Computed Tomography scans (CBCTs). Materials and Methods: Seventy one CBCTs were evaluated using RealScan 2.0 software. The dimension was determined by points A (most anterior in the sagittal plane), P (most posterior in the sagittal plane), M (most interior in the coronal plane), L (most exterior in the coronal plane). The morphology of the condyle was evaluated in two coronal and sagittal planes, being classified as: round, flat, convex or mixed. The size of the condyle was analyzed by descriptive statistics and the morphology by frequency distribution. For the bivariate analysis, the Student’s t-test was applied. Results: Measurements were obtained for the A-P diameter of the right condyle (RC) (8.72mm ± 1.25mm) and the left condylar (LC) (8.50mm ± 1.50mm), the M-L diameter of the RC (19.24mm ± 2.03mm) and the LC (18.97mm ± 1.87mm). There were significant differences in the male M-L dimension of the LC compared to the female (p=0.002). The most prevalent morphology of RC (35.21) and IQ (23.94) in the coronal plane was round.. Conclusion: The A-P dimension of the right and left condyle is similar in both genders; however, there are differences in the M-L dimension of the left male condyle. The most prevalent morphology of the right and left condyle was round in the sagittal plane with the exception of the coronal plane.Acceso abierto
